NATO-linked sources and independent analysts estimate Russia has suffered between 1.2 million and 1.5 million military casualties since its full-scale invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022. While some estimates reach toward the higher end, a key assessment from CSIS put the figure at nearly 1.2 million as of December. Despite these massive losses, analysts assess that the Kremlin remains undeterred and has not abandoned its war objectives. The casualty toll reflects the conflict's intensity but Ukraine continues to struggle with air defense while Russia faces recruitment challenges and shrinking territorial gains.