Archaeologists found a 59,000-year-old Neanderthal molar in Siberia with a deliberately drilled hole, providing the earliest known evidence that our evolutionary cousins performed intentional dental treatment on themselves. This pushes back the history of dentistry by over 40,000 years and shows Neanderthals possessed the cognitive ability to diagnose pain, plan a solution, and execute a complex procedure — suggesting they had medical knowledge and possibly pain management techniques we don't fully understand.